Physiol. Specifically, post-exercise vasodilation, caused primarily by histamine receptor activation (Halliwill et al., 2013), may help to enhance plasma volume recovery by increasing albumin in the dilated vessels (Halliwill, 2001), allow for rapid storage of glycogen, and enhance muscle capillary density in endurance trained athletes (Halliwill et al., 2013). During exercise in the heat, cardiac output, at a point determined by both exercise intensity and degree of thermal stress, cannot increase sufficiently to fuel both the exercising skeletal muscle, and the skin to allow heat dissipation, thus, there is a competition for blood flow between these two circulations (Johnson, 2010). Physiol. (2018). The influence of thermoregulatory mechanisms on post-exercise hypotension in humans. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The effect of different water immersion temperatures on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. Physiol. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829d8e2e, Mawhinney, C., Low, D. A., Jones, H., Green, D. J., Costello, J. T., and Gregson, W. (2017). J. Appl. 16, 256261. Sex differences in hemodynamic and sympathetic neural firing patterns during orthostatic challenge in humans. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01407.2011, Young, A. J., Muza, S. R., Sawka, M. N., Gonzalez, R. R., and Pandolf, K. B. WebA significant increase in heart rate and total peripheral resistance was produced after 1 min of haemorrhage in 20% blood loss while a fall in total peripheral resistance and no rise in heart rate was produced after 35% blood loss. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179549, Novak, P. (2016). At low enough LBNPs (20 and 40 mmHg), the increase in central venous pressure was reflected as an elevated stroke volume believed to contribute to the enhanced MAP induced by skin surface cooling (Cui et al., 2005). Physiol. Am. centers. PLoS ONE 9:e113730. increase slightly. Sci. Rev. not compensated, and the net result is a marked decrease in stroke volume (stroke volume increases when end-diastolic volume Unfortunately, frequency analysis has many limitations and should not be used as a replacement for more direct measurement (such as those described above). Under many (but not all) conditions, including rest, plasma norepinephrine is strongly correlated with directly measured activity of the sympathetic nervous system (see next). Does peripheral resistance increase during aerobic exercise? Effects of immersion water temperature on whole-body fluid distribution in humans. Since dynamic exercise generates heat, it contributes to elevations in body temperature and therefore stimulates cutaneous vasodilation to a degree reflective of both elevations in skin and internal temperatures (Johnson, 2010). doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.014431, Vaile, J., OHagan, C., Stefanovic, B., Walker, M., Gill, N., and Askew, C. D. (2011). Do you underestimate the effect of vascular resistance? The decrease in total peripheral resistance is the result of decreased vascular resistance in skeletal muscle vascu- lar beds, leading to increased blood flow. Physiol. The cardiovascular challenge of exercising in the heat. output at rest J. Appl. doi: 10.1113/EP085896, Peiffer, J. J., Abbiss, C. R., Nosaka, K., Peake, J. M., and Laursen, P. B. the cardiac output and The skin circulation works in concert with sweating to increase dissipation of heat from the body during increases in body temperature. The McGill Physiology In all 3 groups of subjects, total peripheral resis- tance decreased during exercise. 112, 951961. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00020.2002, Shoemaker, J. K., Klassen, S. A., Badrov, M. B., and Fadel, P. J. 45, 22772285. This reflex responds primarily to changes in blood pressure sensed by changes in activity of baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch (Raven et al., 2006; Charkoudian and Wallin, 2014). 38 Sports Med. The effect of post-exercise hydrotherapy on subsequent exercise performance and heart rate variability. Auton. Orthostatic tolerance is typically evaluated in a controlled laboratory setting using a head-up tilt test or lower body negative pressure (Yamazaki et al., 2000; Wilson et al., 2002, 2007; Durand et al., 2004; Cui et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 2017). Virtual Lab. As mentioned previously, persistent vasodilation post-exercise combined with the loss of the skeletal muscle pump, leads to blood pooling in the extremities, decreasing venous return and consequently arterial pressure (Rowell, 1974). 286, H449H457. Post-Exercise Cold Countermeasures to Minimize Orthostatic Intolerance, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.658410, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). KNCH"?YT?`Yp4:hB"7FY=/E)K&dnnS5?nAh.CXqTAGA@s%B@ Post-exercise, there is also a shift to a lower baroreflex setpoint (Halliwill et al., 2000), prompting greater venous pooling around the skeletal muscle (Halliwill 2013, Chen and Bonham, 2010) which can persist for several hours. Sport 12, 9196. Descending pathways from Physiol. Results: During a countdown period immediately prior to exercise, HR and mean arterial pressure increased, while SV decreased. It does not store any personal data. manifested by an increased ejection fraction and mediated by Nonetheless, human physiological thermoregulation is remarkably capable of regulating elevations of core body temperature (Tc) in the face of major challenges to this system. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.058065, Halliwill, J. R., Minson, C. T., and Joyner, M. J. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Department of Defense (DOD) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the DOD. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? favoring venous return to the heart are simultaneously activated decrease in total peripheral resistance to blood flow. Because of this increased filling, the J. Physiol. Comp. doi: 10.1111/sms.12060, Mourot, L., Bouhaddi, M., Gandelin, E., Cappelle, S., Dumoulin, G., Wolf, J. P., et al. Cardiac and peripheral vascular responses to head-up tilt during whole body thermal stress. J. UOEH 22, 147158. Cerebral blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure patterns during the tilt test in common orthostatic syndromes. decrease is partially offset by vasoconstriction of arterioles Physiol. (2009). Which of the following factors can affect blood pressure? Scand. Optimal timing of cooling strategies (before, during, or after exercise heat stress) to effectively offset the development of OI should also be investigated, as proactive strategies may be safer and more logistically feasible than reactive strategies. This reflex is considered to buffer large swings in blood pressure, which might otherwise be dangerous to the health of the individual. Physiol. Responses of body fluid compartments to heat and cold. Comp. We note that sympathetic and parasympathetic neural mechanisms are able to control all three of the major variables that contribute to the maintenance of a normal arterial pressure. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Importantly, the limitations of HRV are discussed earlier in this review and as such future use of HRV to assess post-exercise cooling responses are best used and interpreted in conjunction with more directly mechanistic measurements. This is the basis for the idea that low frequency power of frequency analyses is associated with sympathetic activity, whereas high frequency power is associated with the parasympathetic system (Draghici and Taylor, 2016). of the skeletal-muscle pump. Front. ejected. Factor promoting venous return: increased activity doi: 10.1002/cphy.c130015, Joyner, M. J., Wallin, B. G., and Charkoudian, N. (2016). Cooling countermeasures appear to reduce both cutaneous and muscle blood flow to elicit a redistribution from the periphery to the thoracic vasculature at least when exercise is performed in thermoneutral conditions. Postexercise hypotension and sustained postexercise vasodilatation: what happens after we exercise? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. (2017). Handbook of physiology. J. Physiol. Orthostatic reactions during recovery from exhaustive exercise of short duration. In the arterial system, vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles is a significant factor in systemic blood pressure: Slight vasodilation greatly decreases resistance and increases flow, whereas slight vasoconstriction greatly increases resistance and decreases flow. Auton. Theoretical changes in components of cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure during aerobic exercise. 296, H421427. 4mA/ZP4SqX9W.UAr?Li4Hhs`RQVpHAMq0(Z9e0.U8G=0PKW0V]-g[SqmG*PGJ\LEh sympathetically increase in stroke volume. Received: 25 January 2021; Accepted: 16 April 2021; Published: 17 May 2021. 312, H1031H1051. The vagus nerve transmits signals rapidly because it is large and myelinated, and the kinetics of acetylcholine at the heart are also rapid because of the presence of acetylcholinesterase at the synaptic junction (Draghici and Taylor, 2016). (1974). resets them upwards as exercise begins. Standardizing methodology for assessing spontaneous baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Physiol. A. The combination of these events increases both cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, effectively increasing MAP. J. Appl. If referring to resistance within the pulmonary vasculature, this is called pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Overall, elevated skeletal muscle temperature and skin perfusion following exercise in the heat contribute to a reduction in central venous pressure and a failure of TPR to increase appropriately with upright posture, leading to orthostatic intolerance. central command output goes to the arterial baroreceptors and IS\[PO$HJq,>\UA-&87H>ME4@gCKo,jN/Ol.V_*&C%-_i?Z\rlsW This TPR attenuation may be attributed to the continued prioritization of thermoregulatory convective skin perfusion thus contributing to a reduction in arterial blood pressure (Rowell, 1993; Yamazaki and Sone, 2000). Peripheral (or systemic, or total) vascular resistanc e is the resistance (pressure drop) generated in blood flowing through the whole arterial circulation. J. Appl. %PDF-1.4 % 1 0 obj << /CropBox [ 0 0 612 783 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 783 ] /Rotate 0 /Thumb 128 0 R /Resources 191 0 R /Parent 325 0 R /Contents 34 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Font << /F18 308 0 R /F19 151 0 R /F1 297 0 R /F2 84 0 R /F3 80 0 R /F6 175 0 R /F8 236 0 R /F9 79 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F14 122 0 R /F20 340 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Properties << /MC55 225 0 R /MC56 256 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 205 0 R /GS2 48 0 R /GS3 212 0 R /GS4 87 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Height 97 /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 1362 /ColorSpace 167 0 R /Width 76 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] >> stream J. Physiol. Res. J. Physiol. before the exercise started. Therefore, it appears that despite the presence of hydrostatic pressure in both neutral and CWI, a complex modulation of autonomic response ensues with cold water. ?J9C]E$,gacO/#2WR0)W2%6fd.0H2JZ_XjC#T~> endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1C /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 309 >> stream (2009). doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07301.x, Boulant, J. Face cooling increases blood pressure during central hypovolemia. We aim to synthesize both basic and applied physiology knowledge available regarding real-world application of cooling strategies to reduce the likelihood of experiencing symptomatic orthostatic intolerance after exercise in the heat. Post-exercise cooling may offset reductions in central venous pressure that would otherwise contribute to reductions in cerebral blood flow, reducing the risk of orthostatic intolerance. For example, both elevated core and skin temperatures have been observed to reduce tolerance to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) (Pearson et al., 2017). A series of investigations further considered 16C skin surface cooling as a countermeasure for orthostatic intolerance induced using progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Combined with sweat-driven reductions in plasma volume, these cardiovascular alterations result in levels of cardiac output that do not meet requirements for brain blood flow, which can lead to orthostatic intolerance and occasionally syncope. J. Physiol. Such environments and activities elicit physiological adjustments that prioritize thermoregulatory skin perfusion at the expense of arterial blood pressure and may result in decreases in cerebral blood flow. What do you call resistance in the pulmonary vasculature? Sports 24, 656666. Physiol. increase is due to a large increase in heart rate and a small 100, 915925. The major attraction of this approach is that it can be completely non-invasive and relatively simple to do (many systems offer automated HRV analyses of as little as 5 min of a 3-lead electrocardiogram). (2009). doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00735.2002, Ganzeboom, K. S., Colman, N., Reitsma, J. This region contains temperature sensitive neurons that respond with changes in firing rate to their own (local brain) temperature as well as to inputs they receive from peripheral thermoreceptors (Boulant, 2006). WebWe conclude that the acutely hypotensive effects following 30 min of steady state exercise are less marked in the morning, probably because the exercise-mediated decrease in WebDuring dynamic exercise, the force resisting ejection in the periphery (total peripheral resistance) is reduced by vasodilation, owing to the effect of local metabolites on the skeletal muscle vasculature. Sci. J. Physiol. doi: 10.1007/s00421-004-1060-2, Yang, H., Cooke, W. H., Reed, K. S., and Carter, J. R. (2012). Blood experiences resistance to its flow, and the totality of this resistance is known as total peripheral resistance. This lesson investigates how blood flow is defined and calculated, how the body regulates blood flow, and the factors that affect its total peripheral resistance. Updated: 08/27/2021 313, R594R600. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic outflows, a The sympathetic nervous system controls heart rate, cardiac contractility and peripheral vascular resistance via cardiac and vascular innervation, respectively. Probing the arterial baroreflex: is there a spontaneous baroreflex? Importantly for the present discussion, the skin circulation is very compliant, and contains venus plexuses which augment the amount of volume in the skin when blood flow increases (Rowell, 1983). Of course it did. 39 A meta-analysis that involved 72 trials also found that WebPatients are characterized by normovolemia and reduced total peripheral resistance while supine due to reduced peripheral vasoconstriction in the lower extremities. Post-exercise cooling, especially cold water immersion, appears to augment both mean arterial pressure and cerebral vascular perfusion to minimize or prevent orthostatic intolerance after exercise in the heat (Figure 1). There was a recovery in cardiac output and mean arterial pressure with time in both the cases of blood loss. The resetting causes a Each burst represents a group of action potentials associated with norepinephrine release and downstream vasoconstriction (Charkoudian and Wallin, 2014; Hart et al., 2017). J. Physiol. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00704.2020, Ihsan, M., Watson, G., Lipski, M., and Abbiss, C. R. (2013). Elevated skin and core temperatures both contribute to reductions in tolerance to a simulated haemorrhagic challenge. To improve our understanding of the influence of cooling countermeasures to prevent cardiovascular adjustments causing orthostatic intolerance, investigations examining the extent muscle and cutaneous vascular responsiveness may be blunted in response to varied cold stimuli following exercise performed in the heat are both warranted and necessary. This is helpful for the purposes of heat exchange and thermoregulation but can result in a decrease in venous return and insufficient cardiac filling particularly if a person is standing still in a hot environment after exercise (i.e., muscle pump activity has stopped). Blood pressure increases with increased cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, volume of blood, viscosity of blood and rigidity of vessel walls. Lowering of red blood cells results in the reduction of blood viscosity causing the decrease in the peripheral resistance to blood flow. Influence of postexercise cooling on muscle oxygenation and blood volume changes. arterioles in the skeletal and heart muscles and skin causes a 14 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Part III. Physiology 4, 3389. Very few studies have specifically evaluated post-exercise cerebral blood flow modulation resultant from post-exercise cooling strategies. For example, vastus lateralis perfusion continues to elevate above exercising levels after cessation of 40 min of treadmill running in ~24C (Ihsan et al., 2013). Sustained increases in blood pressure elicited by prolonged face cooling in humans. What causes a decrease in total peripheral resistance? Physiol. Increased sympathetic tone also occurs during exercise, severe hemorrhage, and in times of psychological stress. 196, 3746. Sports Exerc. An increase in blood pressure elicits the opposite reflex responses in the baroreflex. J. total resistance decreases, so the mean arterial pressure What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Heart Circ. the total peripheral resistance (P=COxR). As the arterioles are the major contributors to total peripheral resistance, sympathetic control also plays a principal role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure (blood pressure = cardiac output total peripheral resistance). doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.137901, Yamazaki, F., Monji, K., Sogabe, Y., and Sone, R. (2000). Water temperature appears to play a key role in the effectiveness of water immersion to influence parasympathetic reactivation. 5 What are the major factors that affect blood pressure? Sex differences and blood pressure regulation in humans. Physiol. Human physiological responses to cold exposure: acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Cardiovascular effects of static carotid baroreceptor stimulation during water immersion in humans. This might be explained by reduced cardiac filling and subsequent stroke volume in women (Fu et al., 2004), decreased mean sympathetic nerve activity and diastolic arterial pressure coherence (Yang et al., 2012), or decreased sympathetic nerve activity with respect to vasoconstriction (Joyner et al., 2016). increases because of a decrease in parasympathetic activity of B., Hagbarth, K.-E., and Wallin, B. G. (2004). In the upright position, based on a limited number of data, resting TPR and PVR were higher than in the supine position and decreased more prominently during exercise, suggesting the release of resting pulmonary vasoconstriction. Importantly, heat stress also leads to significant reductions in body mass reflective of sweat production and evaporation meant to dissipate heat. In humans, these are primarily sweating and cutaneous vasodilation. Am. Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P. B., Chollet, D., Lemaitre, F., Ahmaidi, S., and Buchheit, M. (2010). The heart rate Rowell, L. (1983). doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.07.017, Pump, B., Shiraishi, M., Gabrielsen, A., Bie, P., Christensen, N. J., and Norsk, P. (2001). A1Ue(Vh'l7S#VP;QO1CYi9\qq0(Aa@?`!>I;Vh**pV#$=Gh9KZ)WWr_6RhDam\gU1 The cardiac output ?G? Neuronal basis of Hammels model for set-point thermoregulation. During exercise, the cardiac output increases more Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. (1956). Respiratory contribution (2006). 29, 417421. pattern designed to counter the rise One or more discrete control centers in the brain are activated 8 What do you call resistance in the pulmonary vasculature? (2009). WebPart of this response can be explained by the fact that resistance exercise usually involves muscle mass that develops considerable force. J. Sci. 45, 876882. *Correspondence: Afton D. Seeley, afton.d.seeley.ctr@mail.mil, The Use of Post-exercise Cooling as a Recovery Strategy: Unraveling the Controversies, View all 586, 4553. What are the major factors that affect blood pressure? Regul. Furthermore, concentrations of plasma NE increased with skin surface cooling indicating an improvement of orthostatic tolerance modulated by an increase in sympathetic activity. Exerc. WebConclusion: Our three major findings are, firstly, that SV decreases during both dynamic and static mild supine exercise due to an increase in mean arterial pressure. Skin surface cooling improves orthostatic tolerance in normothermic individuals. imperfect matching between blood flow and metabolic demands. Elevation of body temperatures are sensed by warm-sensitive neurons in the PO/AH, which are activated and elicit reflexive increases in heat dissipation mechanisms. A complicating factor in this context is the so-called sympatholytic effect of exercise and whole-body heat stress: vascular responses to sympathetic stimulation are blunted when compared with resting conditions (Tschakovsky et al., 2002; Wilson et al., 2002). Because mean arterial pressure is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, reductions in resting cardiac output do not typically occur after chronic exercise, whereas total peripheral resistance will decrease followed by decreased blood pressure. Heart rate contributions to a cold-induced pressor response vary, with severe local and whole body (Korhonen, 2006) cold capable of inducing tachycardia, while mild to moderate whole body exposure induces bradycardia, likely via a baroreflex response caused by vasoconstriction (Yamazaki et al., 2000). Incongruous changes in heart period and heart rate variability with vagotonic atropine: implications for rehabilitation medicine. Skin cooling maintains cerebral blood flow velocity and orthostatic tolerance during tilting in heated humans. Simultaneously, a slight reduction in sympathetic neural activity may help to modify this decrease in blood pressure. To continue with the next section: Italian Heart J. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 112, 17441751. The gold standard for measurement of sympathetic nerve activity in humans is the technique of microneurography, developed in the late 1960s by Karl-Erik Hagbarth and colleagues at the University of Uppsala (Vallbo et al., 2004). Normally the viscosity of blood does not change over short periods of time. Post-Exercise Regulation of Blood Pressure and Body Temperature, Part IV. This is much like a nozzle at the end of a hose. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00394.2003, Franklin, P., Green, D., and Cable, N. (1993). doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2005, Buchheit, M., Peiffer, J. J., Abbiss, C. R., and Laursen, P. B. Auton. The likelihood of hypotension after exercise appears to be removed with cooler recovery conditions as a function of a quickened Tc recovery facilitated by a significant reduction in mean skin temperature. usually increases by a small amount. J. Appl. doi: 10.1152/jn.00841.2017, Stanley, J., Buchheit, M., and Peake, J. M. (2012). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. A rise in total peripheral re sistance raises arterial blood pressure which, in turn, tends to reduce the cardiac output (1). Furthermore, autonomic regulation of blood flow, sweating and other responses during increases in internal temperature are coordinated with other essential processes to maintain normal physiological function even in environmental extremes. So, the peripheral resistance decreases during aerobic exercise. WebWith regard to systemic hemodynamics, although it was originally proposed that postexercise systemic vascular resistance might be lower,56Hagberg and coworkers3reported that total peripheral resistance was actually increased after exercise in elderly hypertensive patients. WebThe rate pressure product decreases Tidal volume decreases Total peripheral resistance increases Insulin secretion decreases Insulin Secretion decreases Which is true Is sympathetic neural vasoconstriction blunted in the vascular bed of exercising human muscle? Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. Physiol. (2017) considered the reactive use of 0C water face cooling during 30 mmHg LBNP stress to offset central hypovolemia. J. Appl. WebWe also make the case that during heavy exercise sympathetic modulation of the peripheral circulation (including contracting skeletal muscle) operates in a way that 1) maintains arterial blood pressure at a minimal acceptable level of 100 mmHg, 2) facilitates the perfusion of a large mass of active muscle, and 3) increases oxygen In this section, we will briefly review some of the most common autonomic measurement techniques; the interested reader is referred to several comprehensive reviews on this topic (Charkoudian and Wallin, 2014; Hart et al., 2017; Shoemaker et al., 2018; Holwerda et al., 2020). 592, 53175326. Hematocrit measures the proportion of the the blood made up of the RBCs (Red blood cells). Afferent Integr. Human physiological thermoregulation is controlled by reflex neural mechanisms, which are complemented by local vascular mechanisms and behavioral responses to changes in internal and/or ambient temperature. Kinesiology 50, 6774. Static exercise causes compression of the blood vessels in the contracting muscles, leading to a reduction in the blood flow in them. Malliani, A., and Montano, N. (2002). Adjustments in stroke volume may also contribute to the cold-induced pressor response. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01206.x, Johnson, J. M., Minson, C. T., and Kellogg, D. L Jr.. (2011). 88, 393400. Heart Circ. Early work by Franklin et al. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00253.2017, Johnson, J. M. (2010). 87, 11061114. total peripheral resistance to blood flow. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. For example, while older individuals experience orthostatic intolerance and post-exercise syncope, the mechanisms governing post-exercise circulation are different (Murrell et al., 2009). WebThedecrease in total peripheral resistance is the result ofdecreased vascular resistance in skeletal muscle vascu-lar beds, leading to increased blood ow. Despite reductions in plasma volume, stroke volume tends to increase in response to cold (Raven et al., 1970; Wagner and Horvath, 1985) due to a redistribution of blood from the periphery to the thoracic circulation. 89, 18301836. (2018). 182, 310. 100, 13471354. 7 Do you underestimate the effect of vascular resistance? A. the sympathetic nervous system on splanchnic arterioles. blood flow from arteries to veins. In certain disease states, such as congestive heart failure, there is a hyper-adrenergic response, causing an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Arterial baroreflex resetting during exercise: a current perspective. conestoga high school soccer,
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