& (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. Collins See Proctor et al. Unlike ordinary labialisation, which involves rounding and protrusion of the lips accompanied by a raising of the tongue back, i.e., a [w]-like articulation, this labialisation involves primarily a vertical narrowing of the lips with little or no protrusion and no accompanying tongue back raising. Journal of Phonetics (eds. Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. This may have two principal effects. & Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). Miller, A. Aborobongui In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. In Austin, P. K. (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Means of Fwe vowel formants are shown in in Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. Figure 3.13 (eds. C. Fehn In Following Traill et al. A. , Figure 3.17 The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Liljencrants, J. (1999) Shekgalagari Laryngeal Contrasts: The Plosives. New York: Routledge. Hinnebusch In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. 7: 4143. Note that there are different ways to normalise vowels across speakers; eight different methods are evaluated by Wissing and Pienaar (2014) for a corpus of Southern Sotho S33 vowels, for instance. Parkinson The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in Nayak & The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. The Bantu peoples, or Bantu, are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, consisting of some 600 languages with varied mutual intelligibility.The languages are native to 24 countries spread over a vast area from Central Africa to Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. Figure 3.20 (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. Faytak, M. In (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. There are thus seven phonetic qualities among the nasalised vowels, but no contrast between all seven in any environment. Compare the spacing of Xhosa vowels with those of Kalanga S16, shown in Bokamba, E. G. (eds. The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Mumba Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. Berkeley: University of California Press. & Dogil, G. Top row, front vowels /i/, /e/, //; bottom row, back vowels /u/, /o/, //. The basic click mechanism does not determine what the larynx is doing while these movements are taking place in the oral cavity, nor whether the velum itself is raised or lowered to block or permit air from the lungs to flow out through the nose. Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). In , Figure 3.21 Rialland Harnsberger (1990) Depression Without Depressors. (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. Pretorius (2016) How Intonations Interact with Tones in Embosi (Bantu C25), a Two-Tone Language Without Downdrift. Pretorius High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). v broadly demonstrates the need for micro-linguistic and language-specific considerations in the J. Hombert Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. & The posture of the vowel following the click is seen in timestep 5. Thomas, K. M. The possible variations are thus very numerous, and many different categories of individual clicks are found when all the languages which use them are considered (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996). This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. & Doke, C. M. & 2003), though they are typically produced with an abrupt or unaffricated release in Khoisan languages. Phonetica The first frame, numbered 0, is close to the time that velar closure is first made, as detected from the accompanying acoustic record. 2(4): 685729. Coupez Barnard Bostoen Glasgow: University of Glasgow. New York: Springer. & & Bradfield, J. T. N. S. & , Lanham, L. W. (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. Bantu language family into 15 zones which he numbered alphabetically from A in the north-west to S in the south-east, omitting the letters I, J, O and Q in his . https://www.britannica.com/art/Bantu-languages, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing - Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa. Next, the closure at the front and/or side of the mouth is released (timestep 4) and the abrupt equalisation of air pressures inside and outside the mouth results in a sharp acoustic transient. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. & Journal of the International Phonetic Association Journal of the International Phonetic Association Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. The other back vowel pair /o o/ shows a smaller than expected F2 difference given the size of the difference between their first formants; a substantial pharynx width difference coupled with a degree of opening of the oral constriction may be inferred. 35(4): 330341. Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. , Guma, S. M. Sukuma F21 lengthened vowels are almost exactly intermediate between underlying short and long vowels and the nasal portion is quite long. London: Gregg. In & The portion marked A, between the first two lines, is phonetically a voiceless velar nasal []. Figure 3.2 ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. (1987) Depressing Facts About Zulu. Older accounts of Southern Sotho S33 describe both post-alveolar or sub-laminal retroflex articulations (Doke 1923: 713, 1926: 301). Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. Create a chart to keep track of your information. (eds. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. Demolin, D. van Zanten Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). Source: Recording made available by Daniel Duke and Marieke Martin. Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. N. Miller 2007, Miller et al. & 4 (1937), pp. As & Journal of the Acoustical Society of America In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu. (2000) Coproduction and Coarticulation of Clicks in IsiZulu: Aerodynamic and Electropalatographic Evidence. & 4: 109132. & . (2014) The whistled Fricative in Xitsonga: Its Articulation and Acoustics. & Paris: Ernest Leroux. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. For example, the Bantu languages provide very striking examples of vowels affecting consonant realisations, particularly considered diachronically, and the nature of particular segments also has significant impacts on prosodic quantity and on tonal patterns. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. (1994) Duration in Moraic Theory. Goedemans D. In ), Beitrge zur 1. 27: 6580. (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. & , & Khumalo & Reports and Papers, 307450. . Librarian resources C. Elordieta , Narayanan (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. (2003) F0 Timing in Kinyarwanda. 21(2): 161178. shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. & 2024, Kyoto. Source: Data from Ngessimo Mutaka; measurements by the first author. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. , 48(4): 839862. B. (2011) All Depressors Are Not Alike: A Comparison of Shanghai Chinese and Zulu. Figure 3.11 M. C. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. , In contrast to these two affricated click types, a post-alveolar click is released without affrication. Ladefoged, P. & M. Leipzig: F.A. The article of Paulian (1994) does include a few words with short nasalised vowels in stems, but these may be misprints. The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. Traill, A. 26(1): 314. 28(2): 215239. (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. The next lower vowels are markedly lower. In South-East Bantu languages, three contrastive click types are found, and probably no more than seven accompaniments are used. Ladefoged, P. ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. Sande Kishindo, P. J. (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. (1982) Liquids in Chaga. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? Sock, R. Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. Languages which lost clicks entirely include Northern Ndebele of South Africa S408 and Lozi K21 (Ziervogel 1959, Gowlett 1989, Skhosana 2009), though it seems some Northern Ndebele S408 speakers are borrowing clicks back from Zulu S42. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. Figure 3.34 She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). (eds. . (1990) A Linguistic Analysis of Venda. . S. Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. Delvaux In Beddor, P. S. Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. In , and You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. Philippson ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. & & Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. Bresch (2013) /r/ in Washili Shingazidja. P. A. In the Gur language Minyanka, the pharyngeal fricative [] is a variant of // (Dombrowsky-Hahn 1999: 52). Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. 2003). (1974) Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. Rialland , A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). , & In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Each point represents the mean of between six and 21 tokens of phonetically long vowels in penultimate position in words spoken by a male speaker. Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Table 3.1 Source: Recording made available by Koen Bostoen. van Schaik. University of California, Berkeley. 35: 5684. (2002) Voice Quality Differences Associated with Stops and Clicks in Xhosa. M. Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. | Privacy policy & (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Monaka, K. C. M. London: Gregg International. (eds. (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. 13: 3972. Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. Malambe, G. B. 3. Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ J. EPG frames showing a dental click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. Holtzhausen Linguistique africaine Tsoutios Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. Figure 3.27 (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. , They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. ), Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production, 137140. 2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of , (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. & & 46(2): 255274. For individuals learning English as a second language, it is common for the phonemic system of their first language to influence the production of sounds in English. Pp. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. Kutsch Lojenga, C. De Wit, G. Chebanne Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. Abasheikh During this time, rarefaction is occurring. Spectrogram of the Xhosa S41 word caca // be clear spoken by Sizwe Satyo, a male speaker of Xhosa. Stem-initial syllables typically have a greater number of segmental contrasts than found elsewhere (Downing 2010). Corpus studies of Bantu languages are currently few in number (Prinsloo & de Schryver 2001, Niesler et al. Whistled Fricatives in Southern Bantu. (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. P. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Another feature of interest is the presence of a cross-linguistically rare contrast between nasalised and oral glottal approximants (/h/ and /h/) found in Kwangali K33 (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 132). Moshi In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. Differences in lip posture appear to enhance the contrast between labio-dental /f v/ and labial fricatives / / in Kwangali K33 and in Manyo K332 (Ladefoged 1990). (1976) Le bajele: phonologie, morphologie nominale. & & 60(2): 7197. Nordic Journal of African Studies compares the durations of nasals and voiced prenasalised stops as well as of the vowels that precede them in two languages, Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21. Figure 3.5 Seifert Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. | Contact us | Help & FAQs Namaseb Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. , however, the dorsal burst has a higher amplitude than the anterior click burst. O. T. (eds. , Finally, the , The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in C. & (2010) More on Post-Nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. Berlin: Language Science Press. R. Redford, M. A. shows the production of a dental click. A. 3: 79121. Rodekuhr Paper presented at the 8th World Congress of African Linguistics, August Source: Recording made available by Hilde Gunnink. The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. (eds. It is difficult to be certain that ATR contrasts exist in a language unless direct articulatory data on the vocal tract configuration during vowel production is available. De Blois, K. F. Hardcastle, W. J. (1995) Spirantization and the 7-to-5 Vowel Merger in Bantu. Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. Bennett, W. G. 19: 111131. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). , E. , with no difference in meaning. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Stress in Bantu often falls on the penult, typically with vowel lengthening, but stem-initial prominence also occurs (Downing 2010). 32(1): 97111. , A. C. Figure 3.6 Variations in the structure of seven-vowel systems occur which are similar to those of the five-vowel systems. (1931b) Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects. In Boyer, O. Figure 3.24 These pictures are magnetic resonance images of sustained vowels produced by Pither Medjo Mv, a speaker of the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Demolin et al. Rialland Ian Maddieson 46(2): 219228. van Schaik. vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Figure 3.3 G.-M. (eds. Figure 3.25 Ondo Leiden: Brill. Krakow Tlale, O. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. Volume 2: Bantu Prehistory, Inventory and Indexes. J. C. Omissions? Figure 3.4 Seifert Barbosa Gouskova, M. In Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. Muniru | Free trial Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kawahara Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. In (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. 1951. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. This is usually discussed as a contrast between advanced and retracted (or neutral) tongue root position, i.e., ATR. Downing, L. J. . Demolin, D. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come. & Journal of Phonetics R. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. Clicks in the South-West cluster were borrowed independently from those in the South-East. & Ebobiss Figure 3.32 Figure 3.12 Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Schadeberg An alternation of some kind is probably to be reconstructed to an early stage, possible even pre-Bantu. Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. B. A.-M. The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. J. C. K. Corrections? Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. Demolin, D. Most Bantu languages have a full set of nasals at each place of articulation where a stop or affricate appears, but often intricate (morpho)phonological processes govern nasal/oral alternations and syllabification and other prosodic processes concerning nasals. Journal of Phonetics A. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. Batibo, H. M. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Figure 3.35 Mickey Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. It is estimated that some 300 to 350 million people, or one in three Africans, are Bantu speakers. 15(4): 196204. Gick, B. & Pharyngeals have developed from velars in other Niger-Congo languages. Rialland Summary. Doke, C. M. Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [rukoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in ), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society Y. R. W. P. (eds. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig. Consonant gemination has developed through internal processes in languages such as Ganda JE15 (Clements 1986) and by contact with Cushitic languages in Ilwana E701 (Nurse 1994). Figure 3.8 V. Hubbard (1994, 1995) suggests that the difference from Ganda is related to the fact that lengthened vowels count in a different way in tone assignment rules in these languages. Haacke, W. H. G. Persson, J. Traill, A. 8s. Coetzee, A. W. In Thomas-Vilakatis study, inserts with 96 electrodes were used, together with software allowing a sweep of the contact patterns to be made every 10 ms. 32(2): 113121. Figure 3.23 The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. and Figure 3.22 Journal of West African Languages (2003) Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis. Lindberg There are several hundred Bantu languages. Hyman, L. M. A. L. M. The Bitam variety of Fang A75 has eight vowels and seven peripheral vowels, plus mid central // (Medjo Mv 1997). Miller et al. In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. K. W. F. , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. Pretoria: Via Afrika. (1996) The Sounds of the Worlds Languages. Figure 3.10 & Iskarous Huffman, M. K. Stankowski Prieto (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. In the central (Imusho) variety of Fwe, the word papyrus may be pronounced with an unaspirated dental click ([ruoma]), as in 38(4): 604615. A. Downing, L. J. A. Y. x (forth.). (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. & (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu.
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